Connectives — grammarenglish

1. Tipos de conectivos

Três classes gramaticais diferentes — regras diferentes

Os conectivos em inglês se dividem em três tipos, e cada um segue regras de posição e pontuação distintas:

Conjunção (CONJ): une duas orações dentro de uma frase. Não precisa de vírgula obrigatória. "She was tired, but she continued working."
Advérbio conjuntivo (ADV): conecta duas frases/orações independentes. Geralmente seguido de vírgula. Pode estar no início ou no meio da frase. "However, she continued. / She, however, continued."
Preposição (PREP): seguida de substantivo ou gerúndio — nunca de oração completa. "Despite the rain, they played."

Advérbio conjuntivo

Conjunção

Preposição

2. Contraste

⚡

Contraste direto

Expõe oposição entre duas ideias

Advérbio

Conjunção

Preposição

howeverneverthelessnonethelesson the other handin contrastby contrast butyetwhereaswhile / whilst unlikeas opposed to

however (ADV) — separado por ponto e vírgula ou novo parágrafo

"Sales increased in Q1; however, they fell sharply in Q2."

"The plan was well-designed. However, its execution was poor."

whereas / while (CONJ) — oposição em estrutura paralela

"Whereas urban areas grew rapidly, rural populations declined."

"She prefers classical music, while her brother enjoys jazz."

unlike (PREP) — seguido de substantivo, não de oração

"Unlike her sister, she chose a career in medicine."

⚠️ "Unlike" + noun/pronoun · "whereas" + full clause

3. Concessão

🌊

Concessão — "Embora / Apesar de"

Reconhece um ponto mas apresenta a ideia principal

neverthelessnonethelesseven sostillthat said althougheven thoughthougheven if despitein spite ofregardless of

although / even though / though (CONJ) — seguido de oração completa

"Although she was exhausted, she finished the report."

"Even though he had prepared carefully, he failed the exam."

⚠️ Nunca use "although" + "but" na mesma frase: "Although... but..." é erro gramatical.

despite / in spite of (PREP) — seguido de noun/gerund, nunca de oração

"Despite the difficulties, the project was completed on time."

"In spite of working hard, she didn't get promoted."

⚠️ "Despite of" — ERRADO. Nunca "despite of". Use "despite" ou "in spite of".

4. Causa

🔍

Causa — "Porque / Por causa de"

Explica a razão de algo acontecer

thereforeconsequentlyas a resulthencethus becausesinceasfor because ofdue toowing toas a result of

because / since / as (CONJ) — seguido de oração completa com sujeito e verbo

"She left early because she had an appointment."

"Since the budget was limited, we had to make cuts."

"Since" e "as" são mais formais que "because". "As" em início de frase introduce causa.

because of / due to / owing to (PREP) — seguido de noun/gerund

"The match was cancelled because of heavy rain."

"The delay was due to a technical fault."

"Due to" é mais formal; "because of" é mais neutro. Ambos + noun, nunca + clause.

5. Resultado / Consequência

➡️

Resultado — "Portanto / Como resultado"

Indica a consequência de algo anterior

thereforeconsequentlyas a resultthushenceas a consequence soso that as a result ofowing to

therefore / consequently / as a result (ADV) — posição: início ou após vírgula

"The company invested heavily in R&D. As a result, productivity improved by 30%."

"She missed the deadline; therefore, her application was rejected."

thus / hence (ADV) — formal/acadêmico

"The data was incomplete, thus making the analysis unreliable."

"Thus" e "hence" são marcadores acadêmicos formais — ideais para ensaios e relatórios.

6. Adição

➕

Adição — "Além disso / Também"

Acrescenta informação complementar

furthermoremoreoverin additionadditionallybesideswhat is more andnot only... but alsoas well as

furthermore / moreover (ADV) — mais formal que "also"

"The new system is faster. Furthermore, it requires less maintenance."

"The drug is effective. Moreover, it has minimal side effects."

"Moreover" > "furthermore" > "additionally" > "also" em grau de formalidade.

not only... but also (CONJ) — com inversão se iniciar frase

"She is not only talented but also extremely dedicated."

"Not only did he finish first, but he also broke the record."

7. Sequência e ordem

Posição	Conectivos	Exemplo
1º elemento	first / firstly / to begin with / initially	"First, the report was submitted for review."
Elementos seguintes	second / secondly / then / next / subsequently / following this	"Subsequently, the committee approved the budget."
Conclusão	finally / lastly / in conclusion / to conclude / ultimately / in summary	"Finally, the project was completed on schedule."
Simultaneidade	meanwhile / at the same time / simultaneously	"Meanwhile, the other team worked on the design."

8. Ênfase, exemplificação e reformulação

Função	Conectivos	Exemplo
Exemplificar	for example / for instance / such as / namely / to illustrate	"Several factors contribute — for instance, climate change."
Enfatizar	in particular / especially / above all / notably / indeed	"Above all, honesty is essential in this role."
Reformular	in other words / that is to say / i.e. / to put it differently	"In other words, the plan failed completely."
Resumir	in short / in brief / to sum up / overall / in a nutshell	"In short, the experiment was a success."
Condição	provided that / as long as / on condition that / unless / otherwise	"You may proceed, provided that all checks are complete."

9. Posição e pontuação — a diferença entre classes

Tipo	Posição	Pontuação	Exemplo
Conjunção (but, although, because, so, whereas...)	Dentro da frase, entre as orações	Vírgula antes se necessário para clareza	"She was tired, but she continued."
Advérbio conjuntivo (however, therefore, furthermore...)	Início da nova oração/frase. Pode aparecer no meio.	Ponto ou ponto e vírgula antes + vírgula depois	"Sales fell; however, profits rose." / "Sales fell. However, profits rose."
Preposição (despite, because of, due to, unlike...)	Início ou meio da frase	Vírgula se no início	"Despite the rain, they played." / "They played despite the rain."

⚠️ Os 4 erros de pontuação mais comuns

❌ "She was tired, however she continued." → ✅ "She was tired; however, she continued."
❌ "Although she was tired, but she continued." → ✅ "Although she was tired, she continued."
❌ "Despite of the rain, they played." → ✅ "Despite the rain, they played."
❌ "Because of she was late, the meeting started without her." → ✅ "Because she was late..." (because + clause) / "Because of her lateness..." (because of + noun)

10. Dicas de prova

🎯 Dica 1 — Identifique o tipo antes de escrever

Ao escolher um conectivo, pergunta-se: vou conectar a uma oração completa (conjunção), a um substantivo (preposição) ou iniciar uma nova frase (advérbio)? Isso determina a gramática e a pontuação.

🎯 Dica 2 — "although/but" nunca juntos

"Although she tried, but she failed." — ERRADO. "Although" e "but" fazem o mesmo trabalho. Escolha um: "Although she tried, she failed." ou "She tried, but she failed."

🎯 Dica 3 — "Despite" nunca seguido de "of"

"Despite of" é erro clássico — provavelmente influência do português "apesar de". Use "despite + noun" ou "in spite of + noun".

🎯 Dica 4 — Formality ladder para adição

also < in addition < additionally < furthermore < moreover. Quanto mais avançado o texto, mais formal o conectivo.

❌ Erros comuns

"Although he tried, but he failed."
"Despite of the rain, they played."
"She was tired, however she stayed."
"Because of she was angry, she left."

✅ Formas corretas

"Although he tried, he failed."
"Despite the rain, they played."
"She was tired; however, she stayed."
"Because she was angry, she left."

Quiz — 10 questões

Pontos: 0

Connectives & Linkers

Três classes gramaticais diferentes — regras diferentes