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1. Visao Geral
| Tipo | Probabilidade | Tempo | Realidade |
|---|
| Zero | 100% - sempre verdade | Presente/geral | Real e factual |
| First | Alta - possivel e provavel | Presente para Futuro | Real e possivel |
| Second | Baixa - hipotetico/improvavel | Presente/futuro hipotetico | Irreal/imaginario |
| Third | Zero - nao aconteceu | Passado | Irreal - impossivel mudar |
2. Zero Conditional
Zero Conditional
Fatos e verdades universais
- Verdades cientificas e factuais - sempre verdadeiras
- Leis da natureza e causa-efeito universais
- Instrucoes e procedimentos padrao
- "When" pode substituir "if" sem mudanca de significado
"If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils."Lei fisica - sempre verdade.
"When it rains, the ground gets wet."Causa-efeito universal.
"If you mix red and blue, you get purple."Instrucao / fato sempre verdadeiro.
Excecao - "If" vs "When" no Zero Conditional
"If" e "when" sao intercambiaveis quando o resultado e SEMPRE verdadeiro. Quando existe alguma chance de nao acontecer, prefira "if".
- "When water freezes, it expands." (sempre - "when" adequado)
- "If you eat too much, you feel sick." (geralmente - "if" mais adequado)
3. First Conditional
First Conditional
Real e possivel no futuro
- Situacao real e provavel no futuro
- Promessas, ameacas, avisos, negociacoes
- Planos condicionais - depende de algo acontecer
- A ordem das clausulas pode ser invertida (sem virgula quando main clause vem primeiro)
"If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home."Situacao provavel no futuro.
"If you study hard, you will pass the exam."Promessa/aviso - resultado esperado.
"I will help you if you ask me."Ordem invertida - sem virgula.
NUNCA use "will" na clausula IF
- ERRADO: "If it WILL rain tomorrow, I will stay home."
- CORRETO: "If it RAINS tomorrow, I will stay home."
- Excecao educada: "If you WILL wait here, I'll get your order." - aqui "will" = disposicao (willingness), nao futuro.
Variacoes da main clause no First Conditional
- "If she calls, I CAN help her." (capacidade)
- "If she calls, I MIGHT help her." (possibilidade menor)
- "If she calls, TELL her I am busy." (imperativo - instrucao)
- "If she calls, I MAY be available." (possibilidade formal)
4. Second Conditional
Second Conditional
Hipotetico - improvavel ou irreal
- Situacao imaginaria, hipotetica ou improvavel no presente/futuro
- Conselhos indiretos ("If I were you...")
- Desejos sobre a situacao atual
- Situacoes contrariando a realidade atual
"If I won the lottery, I would travel the world."Hipotetico - improvavel ganhar na loteria.
"If I were you, I would apologize."Conselho indireto - forma fixa com "were".
"If she had more time, she would learn Japanese."Irreal - ela nao tem tempo agora.
IMPORTANTE - "Were" vs "Was" no Second Conditional
No ingles formal, usa-se "WERE" para todos os sujeitos (I, he, she, it) na clausula IF:
- Formal: "If I WERE rich, I would buy a yacht."
- Informal: "If I WAS rich, I would buy a yacht." (aceito na fala)
- SEMPRE "were" na expressao fixa: "If I were you..." - mesmo no informal
- Em provas formais (IELTS, TOEFL, Cambridge): use "were"
5. Third Conditional
Third Conditional
Irreal - sobre o passado
- Situacao imaginaria sobre o passado - nao pode ser mudada
- Arrependimento sobre decisoes passadas
- Critica indireta sobre o passado
- Especulacao sobre o que poderia ter acontecido
"If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam."Arrependimento - nao estudei o suficiente.
"If she had taken that job, she would have been happier."Especulacao - nao tomou o emprego.
"If he hadn't driven so fast, he wouldn't have had the accident."Critica - dirigiu rapido e aconteceu o acidente.
Armadilha - contracoes no Third Conditional
- "I'd have gone" = "I WOULD HAVE gone" (main clause)
- "If I'd known" = "If I HAD known" (if clause)
- NUNCA: "If I WOULD HAVE known" - "would" nunca aparece na clausula IF
- Correto: "If I had known, I would have helped."
Variacoes com could/might no Third Conditional
- "If she had studied, she COULD HAVE passed." (capacidade no passado)
- "If they had left earlier, they MIGHT HAVE arrived on time." (possibilidade)
- "If he had asked, I WOULD HAVE helped." (certeza hipotetica)
6. Variacoes - Unless, As long as, Provided that
| Conectivo | Significado | Exemplo |
|---|
| unless | = if not (a nao ser que) | "Unless you hurry, you'll miss the train." = "If you don't hurry..." |
| as long as | = desde que, contanto que | "You can go out as long as you finish your homework." |
| provided (that) | = desde que (mais formal) | "I'll sign the contract provided that the price is right." |
| on condition (that) | = com a condicao de que | "She agreed on condition that she could work from home." |
| in case | = por precaucao (nao e condicional!) | "Take an umbrella in case it rains." (prevencao, nao condicao) |
| even if | = mesmo se, independentemente | "Even if it rains, I'll go for a run." |
| supposing / imagine | = e se... (hipotetico) | "Supposing you won the lottery, what would you do?" |
| whether or not | = independentemente de | "Whether or not she comes, we'll start on time." |
"Unless" nao substitui "if not" em todos os contextos
- CORRETO: "Unless it rains, we'll have the party outside."
- ERRADO: "Unless it doesn't rain, we'll have the party outside." (dupla negacao)
7. Excecoes avancadas
Inversao formal - sem "if"
Em ingles formal e literario, a clausula IF pode ser substituida por inversao do auxiliar:
- "WERE I rich, I would travel more." = "If I were rich..."
- "HAD I known, I would have helped." = "If I had known..."
- "SHOULD you need help, call me." = "If you should need help..."
- Muito usada em ingles escrito formal, contratos e literatura.
"Will" na clausula IF - caso especial de willingness
- "If you WILL just wait a moment, I'll find your file." - pedido educado (disposicao)
- "If he WON'T cooperate, we have a problem." - recusa no presente
- Aqui "will" indica disposicao (willingness), nao tempo futuro.
8. Dicas de prova
Dica 1 - Identifique o tipo pelo tempo na clausula IF
If + Present Simple: Zero ou First. If + Past Simple: Second. If + Past Perfect: Third.
Dica 2 - Nunca "would" na clausula IF
Esta e a pegadinha mais frequente em provas. Se a questao pedir para completar "If he ___ (know)...", a resposta nunca e "would know" - e "knew" (Second) ou "had known" (Third).
Dica 3 - "Were" para todos no Second Conditional formal
Em provas formais: "If I were", "If she were", "If it were" - nunca "was". A expressao "If I were you" e sempre com "were".
Dica 4 - Inversao formal
- "Had I known" = Third Conditional sem "if"
- "Were she here" = Second Conditional sem "if"
- "Should you need" = First Conditional formal sem "if"
Erros comuns
"If I would know, I would tell you."
"If she was here, she would help."
"If you will study, you will pass."
"Unless it doesn't rain, we'll go."
Formas corretas
"If I knew, I would tell you."
"If she were here, she would help."
"If you study, you will pass."
"Unless it rains, we'll go."