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Módulo 2 · Aula 3

Passive Voice

Transformação ativa/passiva em todos os tempos · Voz passiva impessoal · Get passivo

Nesta aula
1. Por que existe a voz passiva?

Ativa vs. Passiva — A lógica

Na voz ativa, o sujeito pratica a ação. Na voz passiva, o sujeito recebe a ação. A passiva é usada quando:

  • O agente (quem fez) é desconhecido, óbvio ou irrelevante
  • Queremos enfatizar o resultado em vez de quem agiu
  • Em textos acadêmicos, científicos e jornalísticos (impessoalidade)
  • Para evitar atribuir responsabilidade direta
FÓRMULA: Subject + be (conjugado) + past participle (V3) [+ by + agente]
2. Voz passiva em todos os tempos
TempoFórmula PassivaAtivo → Passivo
Present Simpleam/is/are + V3"They clean it daily." → "It is cleaned daily."
Present Continuousam/is/are + being + V3"She is writing it." → "It is being written."
Present Perfecthave/has + been + V3"They have built a bridge." → "A bridge has been built."
Past Simplewas/were + V3"Someone stole my wallet." → "My wallet was stolen."
Past Continuouswas/were + being + V3"They were painting it." → "It was being painted."
Past Perfecthad + been + V3"He had read the book." → "The book had been read."
Future (will)will + be + V3"They will announce it." → "It will be announced."
Future (going to)going to + be + V3"She is going to sign it." → "It is going to be signed."
Conditionalwould + be + V3"They would deliver it." → "It would be delivered."
Modal verbsmodal + be + V3"You must submit it." → "It must be submitted."
⚠️ Verbos que NÃO formam voz passiva

Verbos intransitivos (sem objeto direto) não podem ser usados na passiva: arrive, happen, occur, exist, appear, belong, consist, sleep, die (no sentido intransitivo).

  • ❌ "The accident was happened." — ERRADO (happen = intransitivo)
  • ✅ "The accident happened." — CORRETO
3. Transformação Ativo → Passivo

Regras passo a passo

  • 1. O objeto da frase ativa vira o sujeito da passiva
  • 2. O verbo "be" assume o tempo do verbo original
  • 3. O verbo principal vira past participle (V3)
  • 4. O sujeito original pode virar agente com "by" — ou é omitido

Exemplos de transformação

Shakespeare wrote this play.
→
This play was written by Shakespeare.
They are building a new hospital.
→
A new hospital is being built.
Someone has hacked the database.
→
The database has been hacked.
The company will announce the results.
→
The results will be announced.
You must submit the form by Friday.
→
The form must be submitted by Friday.
They gave her a second chance.
→
She was given a second chance.
⚠️ Quando omitir o agente "by + ..."
  • Agente desconhecido: "My car was stolen." (não sabe quem)
  • Agente óbvio: "The criminal was arrested." (by the police — óbvio)
  • Agente irrelevante: "The road is being repaired."
  • Para impessoalidade: "Mistakes were made." (corporativo/político)
4. Voz Passiva Impessoal — "It is said that..."

Verbos de opinião e relato na passiva

Usada com verbos como say, think, believe, know, report, claim, consider, expect, suppose, allege, understand. Existem duas estruturas equivalentes:

Estrutura 1 — It + passive + that

It + is/was + V3 + that + clause

Sujeito impessoal "it". Mais formal.

"It is said that he is very wealthy."
"It was reported that the fire started at midnight."
"It is believed that the virus originated there."

Estrutura 2 — Subject + passive + to-inf

Subject + is/was + V3 + to + V

O sujeito é o tópico. Igualmente formal.

"He is said to be very wealthy."
"The fire was reported to have started at midnight."
"The virus is believed to have originated there."
Ativo (people say...)Impessoal (It is said...)Com sujeito (He is said...)
People say he is brilliant.It is said that he is brilliant.He is said to be brilliant.
They think the economy will recover.It is thought the economy will recover.The economy is thought to recover.
People believed she was innocent.It was believed she was innocent.She was believed to be innocent.
They know he committed the crime.It is known that he committed it.He is known to have committed it.
⚠️ Evento anterior = "to have + V3" (perfect infinitive)

Quando o evento da cláusula "that" é anterior ao verbo principal, usa-se "to have + V3":

  • "People say he was a spy." → "He is said to have been a spy." (evento passado)
  • "People think he is a spy." → "He is said to be a spy." (mesmo tempo)
  • "People say she stole it." → "She is alleged to have stolen it."
5. Exceções e casos avançados
Caso 1 — Get passivo (informal)

"Get" pode substituir "be" na passiva informal, especialmente para eventos inesperados ou negativos:

  • "She got fired last week." (= was fired)
  • "He got arrested for speeding." (= was arrested)
  • "The vase got broken during the move." (= was broken)
  • ⚠️ Evitar em inglês formal escrito e em provas acadêmicas.
Caso 2 — Verbos de percepção: bare infinitive → to-infinitive na passiva
  • "They saw him leave." (ativo — bare infinitive)
  • "He was seen to leave." (passivo — to-infinitive aparece)
  • "They heard her sing." → "She was heard to sing."
Caso 3 — Present/Past Perfect Continuous passivo não existe
  • ❌ "The project has been being built for months." — praticamente inexistente
  • ✅ Use o Perfect Simple: "The project has been built."
  • ✅ Ou reformule na ativa: "They have been building the project for months."
Caso 4 — Verbos com dois objetos

Verbos como give, send, tell, offer, show, teach podem ter dois objetos. Os dois podem virar sujeito:

  • Ativo: "They gave him a promotion."
  • Passiva 1: "He was given a promotion." (objeto indireto → sujeito — mais comum)
  • Passiva 2: "A promotion was given to him." (objeto direto → sujeito)
6. Dicas de prova
🎯 Dica 1 — Identifique o tempo pelo auxiliar "be"

"is built" (Present Simple), "was built" (Past Simple), "has been built" (Present Perfect), "is being built" (Present Continuous), "will be built" (Future), "must be built" (Modal).

🎯 Dica 2 — "Being" só aparece no Continuous

Present e Past Continuous passivos usam "being": "is BEING built", "was BEING painted". É o único caso onde "being" aparece na passiva.

🎯 Dica 3 — Impessoal: "It is said THAT" vs "He is said TO BE"

Estrutura 1 usa "that + clause". Estrutura 2 usa "to + infinitivo". Se o evento é anterior: "to have + V3". Não misture as duas estruturas.

🎯 Dica 4 — Verbos intransitivos nunca têm passiva

Happen, arrive, occur, exist, appear, belong — sem objeto direto, sem passiva possível. "The accident was happened" é sempre errado.

❌ Erros comuns
"The accident was happened at noon."
"It is said that he to be rich."
"The project has been being built."
"She was seen leave the building."
✅ Formas corretas
"The accident happened at noon."
"It is said that he is rich." / "He is said to be rich."
"The project has been built."
"She was seen to leave the building."
Quiz — 10 questões
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