Módulo 2 · Aula 4

Reported Speech

Backshift de tempos verbais · Pronomes e advérbios · Statements, Questions e Commands

Nesta aula

O conceito
Backshift
Pronomes e advérbios
Statements, Questions, Commands
Verbos de relato
Exceções
Dicas de prova
Quiz (10 questões)

1. O que é o Reported Speech?

A lógica do discurso indireto

O Reported Speech (discurso indireto) é usado para relatar o que alguém disse sem citar as palavras exatas. Ao fazer isso, três coisas mudam:

Tempos verbais recuam um nível no passado (backshift)
Pronomes se ajustam ao novo contexto
Advérbios de tempo e lugar se modificam

A regra central: quando o verbo introdutório (say, tell, ask...) está no passado, os tempos do discurso direto recuam um nível.

2. Backshift — A mudança dos tempos verbais

Discurso Direto	Reported Speech	Exemplo
Present Simple	Past Simple	"I work here." → She said she worked there.
Present Continuous	Past Continuous	"I am leaving." → He said he was leaving.
Present Perfect	Past Perfect	"I have finished." → She said she had finished.
Past Simple	Past Perfect	"I went there." → He said he had gone there.
Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous	"I was reading." → She said she had been reading.
will	would	"I will call." → He said he would call.
can	could	"I can help." → She said she could help.
may	might	"It may rain." → He said it might rain.
must	had to	"You must leave." → She said I had to leave.
shall	would	"Shall we go?" → He asked if they would go.

⚠️ Modais que NÃO mudam no Reported Speech

Alguns modais já são formas "passadas" e permanecem iguais: would, could, should, might, ought to

"You should rest." → She said I should rest. (não muda)
"It might snow." → He said it might snow. (não muda)
"You ought to apologize." → She said I ought to apologize. (não muda)

⚠️ Quando o backshift NÃO é obrigatório

Se a informação ainda é verdadeira no momento do relato, o backshift é opcional:

"The Earth orbits the Sun." → She said the Earth orbits (ou orbited) the Sun. (verdade universal)
"I love you." → He said he loves (ou loved) her. (sentimento ainda verdadeiro)

3. Mudança de Pronomes e Advérbios

Pronomes — Ajuste ao novo contexto

I → he / she
me → him / her
my → his / her
we → they / our → their
you → I / he / she (depende do contexto)
your → my / his / her / their

"I love my job." → She said she loved her job.

Advérbios de tempo e lugar

now → then / at that time
today → that day
yesterday → the day before
tomorrow → the next day / the following day
this week → that week
last year → the previous year
next month → the following month
here → there
this → that / these → those
ago → before / previously

4. Statements, Questions e Commands

Statements (afirmações)

Verbos introdutórios: say, tell, mention, explain, add, state, admit, claim, deny, promise, warn
Estrutura: say + (that) + clause / tell + person + (that) + clause

⚠️ Importante: "say" não precisa de objeto; "tell" SEMPRE precisa: "She told me" (nunca "She told that...")

Statements — Exemplos de transformação

"I am tired." (direto)

→

She said (that) she was tired.

"I will call you tomorrow." (direto)

→

He told me (that) he would call me the next day.

"We have already left." (direto)

→

They said they had already left.

Questions (perguntas)

A ordem das palavras muda para ordem afirmativa (S + V). Nunca use inversão interrogativa no Reported Speech!

Tipo	Conector	Estrutura	Exemplo
Yes/No Question	if / whether	Ordem afirmativa (S+V)	"Are you coming?" → He asked if I was coming.
Wh- Question	Pronome Wh-	Ordem afirmativa (S+V)	"Where do you live?" → She asked where I lived.

⚠️ Ordem das palavras nas perguntas indiretas

❌ "He asked where did I live." — ordem interrogativa (ERRADO)
✅ "He asked where I lived." — ordem afirmativa (CORRETO)
❌ "She asked if was I ready."
✅ "She asked if I was ready."

Commands / Requests (ordens e pedidos)

Estrutura: verbo + objeto + to-infinitive (afirmativo) / not to-infinitive (negativo)

"Leave!" → He told me to leave.
"Please don't go." → She asked me not to go.
"You should study more." → She advised me to study more.
"Don't touch that!" → He warned me not to touch it.

5. Verbos de relato e seus padrões

Verbo	Padrão	Exemplo
say	say (that) + clause	She said (that) she was tired.
tell	tell + person + (that) + clause	He told me (that) he would come.
ask	ask + (person) + if/wh- + clause	She asked if he was ready.
warn	warn + person + (not) to + V	He warned me not to touch it.
advise	advise + person + to + V	She advised me to rest.
suggest	suggest + gerund / that + should	"She suggested going." / "She suggested we (should) go."
deny	deny + gerund	He denied taking the money.
admit	admit + gerund	She admitted making a mistake.
promise	promise + to + V / that + clause	He promised to call / that he would call.
refuse	refuse + to + V	She refused to answer.
offer	offer + to + V	He offered to help.
insist	insist on + gerund / that + should	She insisted on paying / that we (should) stay.
complain	complain (to sb) about + gerund	He complained about not being listened to.
agree	agree + to + V / that + clause	She agreed to come / that it was unfair.

⚠️ "Suggest" — padrões especiais

✅ "She suggested going to the cinema." (gerund)
✅ "She suggested (that) we should go to the cinema." (that + should)
✅ "She suggested (that) we go to the cinema." (subjunctive — formal)
❌ "She suggested us to go." — ERRADO ("suggest" não aceita to-infinitive com objeto)

6. Exceções e casos especiais

Caso 1 — Reported Speech no presente (verbo introdutório no presente)

Se o verbo introdutório está no presente, NÃO há backshift:

"She says she is tired." (diz agora — não muda)
"He says he will come." (não vira "would come")
Backshift só ocorre quando o verbo introdutório está no passado.

Caso 2 — Whether vs. If

"Whether" e "if" são intercambiáveis em perguntas sim/não indiretas, mas "whether" é preferido quando:

Há alternativas: "She asked whether he was coming or not."
Antes de infinitivo: "I don't know whether to go or stay."
No início de uma oração: "Whether she comes is unclear."

Caso 3 — Past Perfect não muda

O Past Perfect já está no nível mais recuado possível — ele permanece inalterado no Reported Speech:

"I had already eaten." → She said she had already eaten. (não muda)

7. Dicas de prova

🎯 Dica 1 — Ordem afirmativa nas perguntas indiretas

Esta é a pegadinha mais comum. Em perguntas indiretas, NUNCA inverta sujeito e verbo. "She asked where I lived" (não "where did I live").

🎯 Dica 2 — "Tell" sempre precisa de objeto

"She told me" / "He told the class" — nunca "She told that..." (sem objeto). "Say" não precisa: "She said that...".

🎯 Dica 3 — Identifique o padrão do verbo de relato

"Suggest + gerund" (nunca "suggest to + V"). "Deny + gerund". "Warn + person + not to". Cada verbo tem seu padrão específico que é frequentemente testado.

🎯 Dica 4 — Lembre-se das mudanças de advérbio

"yesterday" → "the day before" / "the previous day"
"tomorrow" → "the next day" / "the following day"
"here" → "there" / "now" → "then"

❌ Erros comuns

"He asked where did I live."
"She told that she was tired."
"He suggested to go to the cinema."
"She said me she was ready."

✅ Formas corretas

"He asked where I lived."
"She said (that) she was tired."
"He suggested going to the cinema."
"She told me she was ready."

Quiz — 10 questões

Pontos: 0