Etapa 9

Passive voice

Entenda be + past participle, foco no objeto e transformacoes comuns de prova.

4. Voz Passiva Impessoal — "It is said that..."

Verbos de opinião e relato na passiva

Usada com verbos como say, think, believe, know, report, claim, consider, expect, suppose, allege, understand. Existem duas estruturas equivalentes:

Estrutura 1 — It + passive + that

It + is/was + V3 + that + clause

Sujeito impessoal "it". Mais formal.

"It is said that he is very wealthy."
"It was reported that the fire started at midnight."
"It is believed that the virus originated there."

Estrutura 2 — Subject + passive + to-inf

Subject + is/was + V3 + to + V

O sujeito é o tópico. Igualmente formal.

"He is said to be very wealthy."
"The fire was reported to have started at midnight."
"The virus is believed to have originated there."

Ativo (people say...)	Impessoal (It is said...)	Com sujeito (He is said...)
People say he is brilliant.	It is said that he is brilliant.	He is said to be brilliant.
They think the economy will recover.	It is thought the economy will recover.	The economy is thought to recover.
People believed she was innocent.	It was believed she was innocent.	She was believed to be innocent.
They know he committed the crime.	It is known that he committed it.	He is known to have committed it.

⚠️ Evento anterior = "to have + V3" (perfect infinitive)

Quando o evento da cláusula "that" é anterior ao verbo principal, usa-se "to have + V3":

"People say he was a spy." → "He is said to have been a spy." (evento passado)
"People think he is a spy." → "He is said to be a spy." (mesmo tempo)
"People say she stole it." → "She is alleged to have stolen it."